What are bird and bat droppings commonly associated with in relation to fungi?

Bird and bat droppings are commonly associated with specific fungi, particularly Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans. These fungi are well-known for their connection to environments where bird or bat guano accumulates. When the droppings dry out, the spores of these fungi can become airborne, leading to potential inhalation by humans.

Histoplasma capsulatum is particularly notorious as it can cause histoplasmosis, a disease that primarily affects the lungs and can occur in people who are exposed to contaminated environments, such as caves or buildings with significant bird or bat populations. Similarly, Cryptococcus neoformans is closely linked with pigeon droppings and can lead to cryptococcosis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

The other options listed represent different fungal genera and species that are not directly related to bird or bat droppings. Aspergillus and Penicillium are often found in decaying organic matter but are not specifically tied to droppings. Stachybotrys and Cladosporium typically grow in damp environments rather than being associated with animal waste. Finally, Rhizopus and Mucor, while they are mold types, also do not have direct ties to droppings from